| National governments |
Differentiated policy approach: protectionism versus openness |
From self-sufficiency and development of local capacity to deep global integration to ensure global supply |
| Differentiated policy approach: geographic scale of supply chains |
Incentives to firms for desired geographical scale of supply chains |
| International Organizations |
Central administration of production; removal of supply/demand mismatches on a global level |
WHO: centralized forum to identify mismatches and orchestrate agreements to level them out |
| Removal of trade barriers in medical devices |
WTO: special status for medical devices in trade policy and global trade agreements |